C N Prateek (16BCE0048) A2 Slot Which is not in Super Computer but is achievable in Distributed Computing?
There are two general models for managing and coordinating large numbers of processors. One is typified by supercomputers. These are large, expensive systems—usually housed in a single room—in which multiple processors are connected by a fast local network. The other is distributed computing. These are systems in which processors are not necessarily located in close proximity to one another—and can even be housed on different continents—but which are connected via the Internet or other networks. the advantage of distributed systems is that relative to supercomputers they are much less expensive. Many distributed systems make use of cheap, off-the-shelf computers for processors and memory, which only require minimal cooling costs. In addition, they are simpler to scale, as adding an additional processor to the system often consists of little more than connecting it to the network. Meanwhile, the Amazon cloud, one of the world’s fastest distributed systems, achieved a speed of 1.2 peta-FLOPS for the first time in 2013. While this cannot compete with supercomputers like the Tianhe-2, distributed systems can typically be built much more cheaply than supercomputers.
Tejus Verma (16BCE0857) A1 slot What is the difference between deadlock,spinlock and livelock?
In concurrent computing, a deadlock is a state in which each member of a group of actions, is waiting for some other member to release a lock.
A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing.
However, a Spinlock is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting.
16BCE2000 Manjeet Singh What is cascading termination?
The only thing I know is it occurs in the case of parent child process. Just didn't find a lot of useful information. If someone can explain it i will be very thankful.
A process terminates when it finishes executing its final statement and asks the OS to delete it by using "exit" system call. A process can cause termination of another process through an appropriate system call. Usually, only the parent of the process that is to be terminated, can invoke such a system call.
When a process creates a new process, the identity of the newly created process is passed to its parent. When a parent process is terminating , then all of its children process is also terminated. This phenomena is known as "Cascading Termination" and is normally initiated by the operating system.
Respected ma'am I would like to discuss the topic "Difference between deadlock and starvation".
• On the basis of process:
In deadlock, the two threads or processes will wait for each other and both do not proceed forward.Whereas in case of starvation, when two or more threads or processes wait for the same resource, one will roll back and let the others use the resource first and next the starving thread or process will try again . Therefore, all threads or processes will anyhow proceed forward.
• Rolling Back: In a deadlock, both high priority threads/processes, as well as low priority threads/processes, will wait for each other infinitely. It never ends.But, in a starvation, low priority ones will wait or roll back but high priority ones will proceed.
• Waiting or Lock:A deadlock is a circular waiting on the other hand starvation is a kind of a live lock and sometimes helps to get out from a deadlock.
• Deadlock and Starvation: A deadlock causes starvation, but starvation does not cause a deadlock.
• Causes:A deadlock will occur due to mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption or circular waiting whereas starvation occurs due to scarcity of resources, uncontrolled management of resources, and process priorities.
Akshat Nayak(16BCE0296) Question: Is Ubuntu Better OS Than Windows?
My view:Organizations and enterprises which use Microsoft Office or other platform-specific software on Windows 10 Pro would be foolish to deploy Ubuntu, since 10 Home’s deliberately compromised permissions are uncompromised in appropriately administered Windows domains.
On the other hand, other than never compellingly bundling a game so seductive as Microsoft Solitaire - Wikipedia, Ubuntu inherits fundamental advantages of technical evolution over corporate hegemony. Namely, POSIX architecture that naturally partitions user from platform data and (X Windows server/client) architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities.
Image a system which allows individuals to authenticate on any networked device (or multiple devices) and, to the extent supported by those devices and with minimal overhead, seamlessly resume tasks from previous sessions on any other networked devices. Despite efforts by too many to recast it as a Windows wannabe, Ubuntu remains one of our better hopes for the IT equivalent of a Bicycle-sharing system - Wikipedia
The concept of virtualization is based on the minimization of the physical hardware and maintenance costs. With virtual servers, the technical needs can be quickly met as the time taken to deploy a virtual server is only a fraction of the time taken to deploy a physical server. When virtualization sprawl occurs, support and security issues also increase rapidly leading to a huge number of unmanageable virtual machines.
Virtualization sprawl is a term used to describe a scenario when the number of virtual machines on a network reaches a point where they can no longer be handled by the administrator effectively.
In order to prevent virtualization sprawl, a proper process must be defined and enforced by the administrators while deploying the virtual machines. A library of standardized virtual machine image files should be created in order to effectively manage the virtual environment.
Deadlock means that two or more processes are waiting for a resource or a lock without doing anything. Livelock means that the processes are active but are not able to progress due to interdependence. A spinlock is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to wait in a loop(spin) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. The thread, although active, is doing no useful work. So it is a kind of busy waiting.
New thought provoking information about the latest happenings in the Operating System, Distributed Operating Systems, Virtualization, Hardware and Software, Parallel Computations etc...
C N Prateek (16BCE0048) A2 Slot
ReplyDeleteWhich is not in Super Computer but is achievable in Distributed Computing?
There are two general models for managing and coordinating large numbers of processors. One is typified by supercomputers. These are large, expensive systems—usually housed in a single room—in which multiple processors are connected by a fast local network. The other is distributed computing. These are systems in which processors are not necessarily located in close proximity to one another—and can even be housed on different continents—but which are connected via the Internet or other networks.
the advantage of distributed systems is that relative to supercomputers they are much less expensive. Many distributed systems make use of cheap, off-the-shelf computers for processors and memory, which only require minimal cooling costs. In addition, they are simpler to scale, as adding an additional processor to the system often consists of little more than connecting it to the network.
Meanwhile, the Amazon cloud, one of the world’s fastest distributed systems, achieved a speed of 1.2 peta-FLOPS for the first time in 2013. While this cannot compete with supercomputers like the Tianhe-2, distributed systems can typically be built much more cheaply than supercomputers.
Tejus Verma (16BCE0857) A1 slot
ReplyDeleteWhat is the difference between deadlock,spinlock and livelock?
In concurrent computing, a deadlock is a state in which each member of a group of actions, is waiting for some other member to release a lock.
A livelock is similar to a deadlock, except that the states of the processes involved in the livelock constantly change with regard to one another, none progressing.
However, a Spinlock is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ("spin") while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting.
Hope this helps. Thank you.
16BCE2000
ReplyDeleteManjeet Singh
What is cascading termination?
The only thing I know is it occurs in the case of parent child process. Just didn't find a lot of useful information. If someone can explain it i will be very thankful.
A process terminates when it finishes executing its final statement and asks the OS to delete it by using "exit" system call. A process can cause termination of another process through an appropriate system call. Usually, only the parent of the process that is to be terminated, can invoke such a system call.
ReplyDeleteWhen a process creates a new process, the identity of the newly created process is passed to its parent. When a parent process is terminating , then all of its children process is also terminated. This phenomena is known as "Cascading Termination" and is normally initiated by the operating system.
RICHA RANJAN
ReplyDelete16BCE0958
SLOT-A1
Respected ma'am I would like to discuss the topic "Difference between deadlock and starvation".
• On the basis of process:
In deadlock, the two threads or processes will wait for each other and both do not proceed forward.Whereas in case of starvation, when two or more threads or processes wait for the same resource, one will roll back and let the others use the resource first and next the starving thread or process will try again . Therefore, all threads or processes will anyhow proceed forward.
• Rolling Back:
In a deadlock, both high priority threads/processes, as well as low priority threads/processes, will wait for each other infinitely. It never ends.But, in a starvation, low priority ones will wait or roll back but high priority ones will proceed.
• Waiting or Lock:A deadlock is a circular waiting on the other hand starvation is a kind of a live lock and sometimes helps to get out from a deadlock.
• Deadlock and Starvation: A deadlock causes starvation, but starvation does not cause a deadlock.
• Causes:A deadlock will occur due to mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption or circular waiting whereas starvation occurs due to scarcity of resources, uncontrolled management of resources, and process priorities.
Akshat Nayak(16BCE0296)
ReplyDeleteQuestion: Is Ubuntu Better OS Than Windows?
My view:Organizations and enterprises which use Microsoft Office or other platform-specific software on Windows 10 Pro would be foolish to deploy Ubuntu, since 10 Home’s deliberately compromised permissions are uncompromised in appropriately administered Windows domains.
On the other hand, other than never compellingly bundling a game so seductive as Microsoft Solitaire - Wikipedia, Ubuntu inherits fundamental advantages of technical evolution over corporate hegemony. Namely, POSIX architecture that naturally partitions user from platform data and (X Windows server/client) architecture-independent system for remote graphical user interfaces and input device capabilities.
Image a system which allows individuals to authenticate on any networked device (or multiple devices) and, to the extent supported by those devices and with minimal overhead, seamlessly resume tasks from previous sessions on any other networked devices. Despite efforts by too many to recast it as a Windows wannabe, Ubuntu remains one of our better hopes for the IT equivalent of a Bicycle-sharing system - Wikipedia
Ayush Kumar (16BCE0374)
ReplyDeleteSlot A1
Question 1: What is Virtualization Sprawl ??
Solution:
The concept of virtualization is based on the minimization of the physical hardware and maintenance costs. With virtual servers, the technical needs can be quickly met as the time taken to deploy a virtual server is only a fraction of the time taken to deploy a physical server. When virtualization sprawl occurs, support and security issues also increase rapidly leading to a huge number of unmanageable virtual machines.
Virtualization sprawl is a term used to describe a scenario when the number of virtual machines on a network reaches a point where they can no longer be handled by the administrator effectively.
In order to prevent virtualization sprawl, a proper process must be defined and enforced by the administrators while deploying the virtual machines. A library of standardized virtual machine image files should be created in order to effectively manage the virtual environment.
Deadlock means that two or more processes are waiting for a resource or a lock without doing anything.
ReplyDeleteLivelock means that the processes are active but are not able to progress due to interdependence.
A spinlock is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to wait in a loop(spin) while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. The thread, although active, is doing no useful work. So it is a kind of busy waiting.